The more people know the more questions arise. Curiosity will be the origin and destination, of the nature of self, about fate, about freedom and its possibilities. The more humans will dissect caught him, the more left side of the ignorance of himself. Until now, humans are the biggest mysteries in the world that has a lot of questions, which are written in ancient rhyme:
--- I came out of nowhere,
I am whatever ----,
---- I went some where,
I'm going to die --- at some point,
I'm surprised that I'm happy ...
(Quoted from the book Entrance Into the World of Philosophy, page 9)
I. Preliminary
Number of questions is what causes humans befikir will himself, be its existence, will survive, and all desires. Thinking process is then developed into a science, which is used as a tool to maintain its existence. Because after the main factors that most necessary man is life.
That's why the science develops further as a result of the growing challenges, bring people more creative and innovative in taking advantage of all opportunities that exist in addressing any shortcomings and weaknesses in an effort to preserve her life to impact the emergence of a desire to satisfy the needs other.
II. Human Self Itself
Man or man can be interpreted differently according to the biological, spiritual, and cultural terms, or a mixture. Biologically, humans are classified as Homo sapiens (Latin for man), a species of primate brain comes from a class mamaliayang high rate capability. In terms of spirituality, they are described using the concept of a varied life in which, in religion. In cultural anthropology, they are described based on the use of language, and mainly based on their ability to form groups and institutions to support and help each other. There is also a classification based on sex, men, ranging from fetuses, infants, toddlers, children, adolescents, youths, adults, and parents.
II.a. Philosophical Perspective
By nature humans are divided into two, namely the nature of sport and the nature of the soul. The human body has a lot in common with other living beings, namely the physical element amupun chemical. The human body is required to grow and adapt to the environment sekitarnya.Dalam responding this soul, in the view from the east, the incarnation of the soul is the sense here meant in the effort to achieve a sense of aesthetic value, not the taste that comes everyday.
Human based perspective of social sciences is a creature who wants to earn profits or always take into account every activity (homo economicus), humans as social beings, human beings who want to have power, nor as civilized beings (homo humanus).
II.b. Psychology Perspective
Sigmund Freud's theory psikoanalisnya, divide human personality into three angles, namely:
1. Id (the unconscious),
2. Ego (conscious mind)
3. Super ego (personality structure)
From the point of feeling, human beings have two kinds of feelings, the sensory and spiritual. Sensory feelings are physical stimuli through the five senses, while the spiritual stimulation is a sublime feeling that is only found in humans, for example: feelings of intellectual, ethical, aesthetic, sense of self, feelings of social and religious feeling.
II.c. Psycho-Man Chart Sosiogram
Here is an example of Psycho-Sosiogram human chart:
taken from the book "Mentality and Development"
No. 7 and 6 referred to as the no conscious and sub conscious. Involuntary because it was embedded deep within the human self and unable to realize even the man himself. Sub-conscious because when - the time element - the element that has been embedded can be blown out again and disrupt the daily habit - day.
No. 5 is called consciousness that is not stated. That is the mind - thoughts and ideas that have saved himself by these people and no one else who may know about it. Number 4 is called consciousness is expressed. the opposite of number 5, this means that humans mengungkapkankepada other people what's on his mind such as feelings, knowledge and so forth.
No. 3 is called the circle toucher. Here men have somebody or something considered to be an outpouring of heart and a place to ask for help. Not always another human being but also objects, or other living creature could be in this circle. Number 2 is called circle of useful links. Could be analogous to the relationship between students with teachers, traders and buyers.
Number 1 is called a circle distant relationship, which means human thoughts and ideas about various things. Number 0 is called the outside world environment, which means about one's opinions and thoughts about the world or a region that has never visited or encountered.
III. Individual Human Beings Burst Social Beings cultured
Culture comes from the word culture means matters relating to the mind and human reason. Kebudyaan definition itself is something that will affect the level of knowledge and include the system of ideas or the ideas contained in the human mind, so that in everyday life, the culture is abstract. Yet our culture can also enjoy with our senses. Song, dance, and language is one form of culture that we can feel.
Man and culture is one bond that can not be separated in this life. Man as God's most perfect creatures create their own culture and preserve it very day. Culture is created from daily activities and also from the events - events that have been set by the Almighty.
III.a. Human Culture
So we can say humans are individual beings and as social beings, as social beings in pursuit of human needs have to deal with other humans who also have interests to meet their individual needs, so often the case that a conflict of interest between the human, as eventually raised a middle road value along the so-called ethics together. Ethics is then shared for generations to be a common norm and eventually evolved into a culture.
Every culture has its roots in perspective and attitude patterns of certain social groups against what they need. It all could not be separated by natural conditions and environment, so that there perbadaan between eastern viewpoint and western perspectives. Lush natural environment that produces a variety of biological and non biological wealth that provides the fulfillment of the requirements established fiilnya eastern culture into a culture that pattern is not competitive, less creative and tend to be cooperative. While that is not fertile nature will produce a creative culture in the search for fulfillment of conflict resolution behavior, and tend to compete in a individualistic.
III.b Polemic Culture
But along with the growing problem that must be faced by humans, such as the increasing number of human population, the less our natural resources, and the strengthening of competition over individualistic human desire to be able to meet their needs, there was a cultural development that result in the absorption of one culture to another as side effect of the search for natural resources, then munculah process of cultural shift resulting from changes in moral or ethical views in a given society.
That process can include the exchange of knowledge, exchange of natural resources, education, information and so forth. This is the polemic between the point of view of the east with the western perspective, of giving meaning and value to a problem. Along with the polemics that happens that's emerged from the dialectic synthesis of east versus west of internationalism.
IV. International Cultural versus Eastern Culture and Western Culture
Alvin Tofler mention the stage in a wave of cultural change the culture of a community level, namely:
a. Agriculture, characterized as the life of farming communities.
b. Industry, Perkembangnya processing industry in order to maximize existing natural resources. In these conditions people become increasingly individualized to satisfy their needs were all fighting tool.
c. Information, the child's wilyah and information causes people to each other racing to find and exchange information about the source of need fulfillment.
d. Democratization / Internationalization, exchange of information turned into a process of mutual cooperation of every human being as well as community groups. Society no longer bound within a certain community groups in the region, because the newly formed group is not based on existing boundaries, but on shared interests.
IV.a. Attitude In Culture
socio-cultural, political, education, human relations, public relations and others. The existence of good attitude from the standpoint of western and eastern perspective also lead to the existence of two kinds of attitude, namely (1) reject the extreme act of cultural change that comes the segmentation of the traditional eastern culture and traditional western culture, (2) accept the mixing of eastern and western culture so as to produce new culture, namely the international culture.
The existence of the acceptance of this cultural mixing which resulted in a shift in the attitude of human values, namely:
a. not due to natural ramahnya,
b. a natural mixture of eastern mystical thought with rational thought from the realm of natural western thought.
c. there are no boundaries associated with community groups.
IV.b. The seven elements of universal culture
1. Religious System
2. System of Social Organization
3. Knowledge Systems
4. Livelihood Systems and the System of Life - Economic Systems
5. Systems and Technology
6. Language
7. Art
kutipan-kutipan dari:
- http://arikaka.com/manusia-dan-kebudayaan/
- http://maspungky.multiply.com/journal/item/47
- http://psicozone.wordpress.com/2010/03/27/manusia-dan-kebudayaan/
Manusia dan Kebudayaan.
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